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Materials & Science
- Acclimatisation
- Air-Dried Timber / Air Seasoning
- Annual Rings (Growth Rings)
- Veneer
- Hardwood
- Softwood
- Plain Sawn
- Quarter Sawn
- Rift Sawn
- S4S (Surfaced 4 Sides)
- Ramin
- Open Grain
- Closed Grain
- PAR (Planed All Round)
- Clear
- U/E (Un-edged)
- S/E (Square-edged)
- MC & EMC (Moisture Content & Equilibrium Moisture Content)
- Kiln-Dried Timber / Kiln Seasoning
- Burr / Burl
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Tools & Equipment
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Joinery & Anatomy
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Techniques & Processes
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Finishes, Adhesives & Abrasives
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Measurement & Layout
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Milling & Specifications
Wood harvested from gymnosperm trees—typically needle-bearing, cone-producing evergreen conifers like pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and redwood. The term describes the tree’s botanical classification (bearing exposed seeds), not necessarily the physical soft density of the wood.
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